Description: Dated 1918, this is a map titled "The Ohio Country of the Historic Indian Period," compiled by H.C. Shetrone and drawn by R.B. Sherman. The map includes geological features, regions occupied by various American Indian peoples, Anglo-American settlements, and political forces governing the Ohio landscape, such as the Treaty of Greeneville. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MAP_VFM0436_4
Subjects: American Indian history and society; Miami Tribe; Wyandot Indians--History; Shawnee Tribe; Delaware Indians--History; Geography and Natural Resources
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Illustration showing the massacre of American Indians led by Colonel David Williamson of the Pennsylvania militia. In 1772, Moravian missionaries founded a mission for American Indians in the Ohio Country at Schoenbrunn ("Beautiful Spring" in German). Because of its success, Rev. David Zeisberger founded a second village in the same year at Gnadenhutten ("Tents of Grace" in German). Life at Gnadenhutten was similar to life at Schoenbrunn. On March 8 and 9, 1782, a group of Pennsylvania militiamen under the command of Williamson attacked the mission and the American Indians on site in retaliation for the deaths and kidnappings of several white Pennsylvanians, although this particular group of so-called "Christian Delaware" had recently returned from their new outpost at Upper Sandusky to forage for crops, and had no connection to the Pennsylvania attack. In all, Williamson's men murdered 28 men, 29 women, and 39 children, and the village was burned. There were only two survivors, who informed Moravian missionaries and other American Indians as to what had occurred. This illustration comes from William Dean Howells' "Stories of Ohio" (1897). View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL07916
Subjects: Gnadenhutten Massacre; Moravian Church -- Missions -- Ohio; American Indians in Ohio; Delaware Indians -- History
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Print of Rev. David Zeisberger (1721 – 1808), an 18th century Moravian missionary and Delaware language interpreter, ca. 1761. He established the colony of Schoenbrunn near modern-day New Philadelphia, Ohio for the Delaware converts to live and work much like the white settlers. A caption on the print states that it is "From a portrait painted at the age of forty." He continued to work with Native Americans until his death in 1808. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02713
Subjects: Delaware Indians--History--18th century; Multicultural Ohio--Religion in Ohio; Zeisberger, David, 1721-1808; Schoenbrunn (Ohio)--History
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Lappawinsoe, chief of the Lenape (Delaware) Tribe, published in volume one of "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. Lappawinsoe is most commonly known for his involvement in the Walking Purchase Agreement, a treaty agreement between the Lenape and Thomas Penn, son of Pennsylvania colony's founder William Penn, in which the Lenape were unfairly forced to relinquish 1,200,000 acres of their land in 1737. Thomas McKenny served as the United States Superintendent of Indian Trade in 1821 and commissioned portraits of American Indian leaders who visited Washington D.C. to negotiate treaties with the United States federal government in order to to preserve the memory and history of America's native peoples. After the paintings were completed, he commissioned lithographs of the 300 paintings and compiled them into three volumes of "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" where a short biography accompanied each portrait. The paintings were housed at the Smithsonian Institution Building, commonly referred to as the Castle, and in 1868 all but five were destroyed in a devastating fire. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: V970_97M199h_v1_p405_LapPaWinSoe
Subjects: Lenape (Delaware) Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indians in Ohio; American Indian tribal leaders
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: This image shows a memorial to Gnadenhutten, a Moravian church. The memorial reads "Here triumphed in death ninety Christian Indians March 8, 1782". Gnadenhutten is the oldest settlement in Ohio, a settlement of German American and Lenape American Indians. The Moravian Church founded the village as a mission to the American Indians. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06565
Subjects: Gnadenhutten Massacre; American Indians; Moravian Church--Missions--Ohio; Delaware Indians--History--18th century
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Josua, a Mohican convert and missionary leader, led Mohican and Munsee Christians downriver and settled Gnadenhutten (Tents of Grace) on October 9, 1772. This image depicts his grave. The tombstone reads "Joshua A Mohican Indian the Moravian Elder died August 1, 1775 Oldest memorial in Ohio". The remnants of the original gravestone are encased in acrylic within a new marker. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL06566
Subjects: Gnadenhutten Massacre; American Indians; Moravian Church--Missions--Ohio; Delaware Indians--History--18th century
Places: Gnadenhutten (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a lithograph of an oil painting of Lenape (Delaware) leader Tish-Co-Han published in "History of the Indian Tribes of North America" by Thomas Loraine McKenney and James Hall. The chief's name means "He who never blackens himself." He was known for signing the "Walking Purchase of 1737," a treaty which ceded much Native American land in the Pennsylvania area to white settlers. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785–1859) served as the U.S. Superintendent of Indian trade from 1816–1822 and superintendent of Indian affairs from 1824-1830. James Hall (1793–1868) was a lawyer, writer, and editor who lived in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1833 until his death in 1868. Their book was illustrated with portraits from the Indian gallery in the Department of War in Washington, D.C. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02775
Subjects: Lenape (Delaware) Tribe; American Indian history; American Indians--Portraits; American Indian tribal leaders; American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
Places: Washington D.C.
 

Description: Interior of reconstructed schoolhouse in Schoenbrunn Village, New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00611
Subjects: Delaware Indians -- History; Multicultural Ohio--Religion in Ohio
Places: New Philadelphia (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Reconstructed village at Schoenbrunn, New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, ca. 1930-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00612
Subjects: Delaware Indians -- History; Multicultural Ohio--Religion in Ohio
Places: New Philadelphia (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)
 

Description: Aerial view of Schoenbrunn Village, New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, 1930-1939. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00613
Subjects: Delaware Indians -- History; Multicultural Ohio--Religion in Ohio
Places: New Philadelphia (Ohio); Tuscarawas County (Ohio)